Disasters are one of the most significant causes of poverty, and poverty is one of the key factors that lead to disasters having a devastating impact. The majority of poor communities around the world are vulnerable to disasters of one kind or another.
Crises and emergencies are growing in complexity, frequency and duration around the world. It is becoming difficult for local organisations and aid agencies to keep up with the level of humanitarian need, especially when it involves protracted conflict and economic insecurity. We do not believe that ‘natural’ disasters or complex crises are solely a ‘humanitarian’ issue that can be separated from development work. As far as possible, the underlying reasons for disasters and crises must be addressed at the same time as assisting in life-saving activities.
Our approach integrates resilience and risk reduction activities into the heart of our relief as well as our development work. If an emergency does occur, we seek to ‘build back better’ during the time of recovery, addressing not only physical loss, but through the restoring of relationships, supporting recovery from psychological trauma and long-term wellbeing.
Disaster risk reduction
It is beyond our power to avert or reduce most natural hazards – extreme events that occur naturally and can cause harm to humans and the environment – but a natural hazard alone does not automatically lead to a disaster. A degree of vulnerability must exist for a hazard to have an impact on people, and disaster risk reduction (DRR) recognises that we can reduce the impact of disasters by reducing that vulnerability. For example, making buildings quake-resistant can prevent a hazard (an earthquake) from becoming a disaster (homes destroyed and people killed).
Reducing the risk of disaster is a key aspect of building resilience, and should be closely integrated with work to mitigate climate change, environmental degradation and conflict, as these are often key drivers of people’s vulnerability to disaster.
The disaster cycle
The disaster cycle shows how people react and adapt when a crisis comes
Exploring what happens when people experience shocks and stresses can help us understand resilience. Every day, communities are adapting to the shocks and stresses of life without falling into crisis. But what happens when they do fall into crisis?
The disaster cycle shows how people react and adapt when a crisis comes. Their behaviours fall into one of three categories: stress management, crisis management and risk management.
Being prepared saves lives, livelihoods and property, and it helps people to feel less vulnerable. When preparedness activities are also done in combination with risk reduction activities, the impact of a potential disaster is also reduced.
This is why Tearfund works with and invests in the capacity of both local organisations and churches in at-risk communities – to help them understand the risks they face, and develop plans to respond to any anticipated crises or disasters. Preparedness involves forward-looking activities that can increase people’s ability to predict, prepare for, respond to and recover from the effects of a hazard (for example, a storm) or crisis event (for example, local tribal conflict).
Tearfund and its partners respond to disasters of every scale, from small-scale disasters that can devastate a few households or communities, such as local floods and landslides, to large-scale protracted crises that affect millions, such as the crisis caused by the conflict in Yemen.
The design and delivery of emergency response should be as locally led as possible. We work with other organisations as part of networks and alliances because we believe that working collaboratively enables us to be more effective and efficient in our response.
Needs assessments
Identifying and targeting the most vulnerable, irrespective of ethnicity and religion, is vital, and we ensure our needs assessment resources are inclusive of marginalised groups. Assessments help to identify the most appropriate options for responding to an emergency, and what added value Tearfund can bring to an emergency response. The information gathered by our partners is sometimes the only source of data on the needs of that community, whether that be from the local church or via coordinated UN needs assessment. Information-sharing and knowledge management ensures that support is targeted to the right people at the right time.
We believe in the role of faith leaders and faith-based organisations, and the part they must play in emergency response. We are working with other agencies to promote the work of local and national organisations.
Communities themselves best understand the needs of people in their own area. That’s why we always build up local organisations and churches, and support locally-led responses to disasters.
Tearfund is part of Charter4Change, a global initiative to enable more locally-led humanitarian response. We want to see more funding for local and national organisations and to amplify local voices so they have greater presence and influence. Tearfund is also part of the Start Network, which enables local decision-making, supports the growth of innovation and develops local capacity.
Tearfund has two distinct approaches to help empower local churches and partner organisations to develop their capacity and skills to respond to local crises:
Tearfund's disaster management capacity assessment tool, an in-depth two year programme of support for local organisations to strengthen their capacity and expertise
promoting the role of faith leaders and faith-based organisations in preparing for and responding to disasters
Why humanitarian action should be led by local responders
This five-minute animation explains how Tearfund views localisation, and asks viewers to consider:
To what extent is localisation happening in my country or context?
Where do I see needs, gaps and barriers to localisation?
Who can I join with to advocate for change?
Are there areas of my work where the power needs to shift to local actors?
A video about our approach to localisation: in emergencies, the best placed responders are always local
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIShonJxJfg
Picture this — the phone rings… There's an emergency. Flooding perhaps, or maybe conflict has broken out nearby.
In emergencies, support can come from different places. Most often, it comes from others affected by the disaster. It may also come from national governments, local faith communities, the UN and local or international aid organisations. We call these groups ‘humanitarian responders’.
Who are the humanitarian responders in your community?
The global humanitarian system - which grew out of human rights declarations and laws - has historically prioritised international humanitarian actors. Local humanitarian responders have been largely overlooked and excluded from decision making and funding allocations. However, local responders are extremely well placed to respond in emergencies. They are present when disasters occur and will remain after a crisis has ended. They are also more familiar with the context, language and culture.
Localisation - also referred to as ‘locally led humanitarian action’ - refers to the intentional drive for humanitarian response to be led by local responders. ‘As local as possible, as international as necessary’ has become a defining motto for many on the journey towards localisation.
At Tearfund, we know the vital role local churches and local NGOs play in humanitarian responses, and we choose to support their work in emergencies. We respond directly with our own teams only where necessary. Localisation is part of our organisational DNA and in line with our theology. However, we are still on a journey and can do more.
For some, localisation simply means having a national office, or giving more funding or subcontracting work to local organisations. However, we think localisation is about much more than this. We believe in shifting the power and resources to communities affected by disasters, with local actors taking the lead in humanitarian responses.
We have signed up to the Charter for Change - an initiative led by local and international NGOs - committing ourselves to changes which favour localisation.
So how are we going about this?
We aspire to model, practice, evidence and promote localisation.
We all need to walk the talk of localisation when it comes to our own attitudes and behaviours.
We want to develop and apply policies and practices which better support localisation, for example by reducing the administrative and compliance burdens our local partners face.
We strive to have partnerships characterised by equality and mutual respect.
As well as sharing in successes, we recognise we must also share the challenges.
As a supporting partner, we want to ensure we do not simply transfer risk to our partners. To do this means seeking to streamline compliance requirements for partners, and adequately supporting them to manage the risks they face, including, for example, security and safeguarding.
Fair and equitable funding is critical for localisation. We aim to provide flexible, multi-year funding which supports our partners’ admin costs, allowing them to invest in their own organisations and fulfil a duty of care for their staff.
Localisation means that we, an INGO, carefully think about the role we play in emergency responses. We seek to become better accompaniers, supporters, advocates, and connectors. We learn from our partners’ expertise and experience, and we support and resource humanitarian capacity sharing and learning initiatives.
We believe projects should be locally designed and led, therefore we want to ensure partners have the information, support and resources they need in order for this to happen. We constantly seek to improve. We learn from our partners and the communities we work with, and we share our learning with them. We also actively engage with, and support, research on localisation, in order to identify both good practice and barriers.
We promote the work of our local partners through our advocacy and media work, to ensure they are recognised for the invaluable roles they play. We recognise that non-traditional actors - including faith based organisations - are critical responders in emergencies, so we strongly advocate for and promote their role.
So this is our goal:
Model, practice, evidence and promote.
However we recognise that much more needs to be done.
Here are some questions we at Tearfund want to ask ourselves:
To what extent is localisation happening in my country or context?
Where do I see needs, gaps and barriers to localisation?
Who can I join with to advocate for change?
Are there areas of my work where the power needs to shift to local actors?
What can you do to make sure that when the next emergency happens, local responders are better supported to lead?
Together we can do more to support localisation.
Localisation and disasters: Learning from Tearfund partner CRUDAN in Nigeria
My name is Joseph, the disaster response coordinator for the Christian, rural and open development association of Nigeria CRUDAN.
I am here to tell you about our relationship with Tearfund, the journey so far. Our relationship with Tearfund dated back to 1992, basically on developmental activities, But in this form of humanitarian support, it started around 2015 and where, because of the overwhelming crisis in the northeast of Nigeria. Tearfund took a bold step and great initiative in order to support CRUDAN which is basically a developmental organization, to launch into humanitarian activities. So with those initiatives, include capacity strengthening through training and also mentorship.
Part of the training they did were around security around sphere standard and most more around the humanitarian setup. And the first cycle of 2015 which we launched the intervention. We basically supported our beneficiaries in kind support. But in 2015 - 2016, after conducting an assessment, we discovered cash was the basic thing that people need and we launched into cash support. And in cash support, we were still having low capacity, but Tearfund supported us in providing great support for trainings and also cash. This has launched us into a very good position to support people in cash.
And when we were starting, a lot of people thought it wasn't possible, most especially looking at the focus areas. They thought CRUDAN can’t deliver. Even some NGOs thought we can't deliver being a local partner with limited capacity. But we took the bull by the horns and we launched this activity with every professionalism. And that has put us on the map of the cash working group. Recently, CRUDAN is part of the collaborative cash delivery network. That is also because of the justice we have taken and different initiatives and innovation around cash support.
And that has not been successful without that cordial relationship. This unique partnership with Tearfund. Even though there are hitches here and there but we always find a way of solving them. Because we believe everybody has something has a capacity to bring on board. And we did that together mutually with great trust and God helping out we are able to deliver. That's why we are seeing also the strength of the local partner is great because of our ability to know the local dialect, to know the terrains, to know the location because CRUDAN itself is a network organization, it's a member organization. That's widespread. That's why we have acceptability with different communities. Cash through local partners, is a sure way to go.
In emergency response projects, it is very important to do ‘recovery’ well. For most projects this is the time when the activities end. For protracted crises, this is a very difficult stage if the circumstances that keep populations in a place of humanitarian need have not changed.
There is no clear point where humanitarian ends and development begins. Rather, there is often a time when peacebuilding, humanitarian response and development all have to operate together.
Building back better
Building back better is often associated with ensuring earthquake building codes are adhered to, or a school is reconstructed with better access to toilets. However, ‘building back better’ goes far deeper. We ask ourselves: ‘How can we better target the most marginalised and excluded?’, or ‘How do we ensure protection and gender practices are integrated and adhered to by the community?’
These questions ensure that should another crisis or disaster hit, we have placed the greatest emphasis on those who would be affected most, ensuring that their previous trauma or marginalised status is not compounded further.
Church and disasters
When disasters happen, the church is often the first place that people turn to for emotional and physical support. It is crucial to help churches and their communities to prevent disasters, reduce their impact when they do occur, and rebuild livelihoods and communities in the aftermath.
Disaster management is best achieved when local churches and their communities work together with specialist NGOs and relief agencies. Our resources explore the strengths and weaknesses of the church in disaster management, and the potential complementary roles it can play alongside specialist agencies.
Strategic advocacy aimed at local, national and international decision-makers is critical when responding to disaster risk. It can increase funding, see policies being led locally and enable policymakers to take a holistic approach to disaster risk reduction, conflict prevention, climate change adaptation and development.
Research shows that investing in disaster risk reduction prior to disasters saves lives, reduces losses, and is far more cost-effective than funding response after disasters.
At Tearfund, our work in advocacy also includes advocating for the role of faith leaders in disaster preparedness and response to be recognised.
Humanitarian responses often take place against a backdrop of conflict. In many cases, the conflict itself is the source of the humanitarian crisis. The impacts of other disasters, such as natural disasters, can also create conflict as affected populations compete to gain access to the resources they need to recover. In combination, conflict and natural disasters can increase the needs created by each other.
Our approach to disasters in settings where there is conflict is to:
respond to the emergency needs created by the disaster
support affected populations to recover from the impact of the disaster, and increase their resilience to future disasters, conflict or crises
address the root causes of conflict through peacebuilding, breaking cycles of trauma and violence, and equipping local people in conflict resolution
address harmful structures of governance that increase tensions and drive conflict
Conflict sensitivity
When responding in any way to crises or disasters in any conflict context, it is important that a project must ‘Do No Harm’. Conflict sensitivity involves understanding the conflict context we are working in, ensuring we minimise negative impacts on the conflict, and identifying opportunities to maximise positive impact.
Learning, reflecting and adapting is a crucial part of our response and recovery process. We are committed to improving the design and implementation of all disaster response projects, as well as providing opportunities and resources for individuals to develop the skills and knowledge they need to serve others effectively.
Across the world, Tearfund and its partners work in very different contexts. In our experience, while every disaster is different, it is still important to bring in the lessons we learnt from past responses.
We know that to respond effectively in an emergency situation requires people with skills, knowledge, and the right heart and attitude to put people first. With our partners, we are committed to improving their performance both through training and developing skills, as well as reviewing projects to ensure that lessons can be learnt or innovation identified.
Measurement
To support the measurement of disaster response projects, we use Characteristics of a disaster-resilient community at village and community level, which includes indicators of what a prepared and mobilised community should look like. Guidance from ALNAP is used for large-scale international response projects.
Evaluations
External evaluation reports from disaster management projects undertaken by Tearfund’s operational teams and partners are a valuable source of learning and good practice.
As part of our commitment to openness and transparency, we publish evaluations of projects funded, supported and delivered by Tearfund and our partners.
At Tearfund, we have specialist skills and experience in WASH, sexual and gender-based violence, cash programming, livelihoods and resilience specifically for disasters and emergencies.
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